Can Nanotechnology Transform Hydrogen Fuel Cell Cars?

Would nanotechnology be able to Transform Hydrogen Fuel Cell Cars? Juan Manuel Vargas Ferreira  Would nanotechnology be able to change over hydrogen energy component vehicles into standard vehicles?  â Area 1: Abstract The point of this report is to decide if Nanotechnology can change hydrogen power device vehicles into standard vehicles through enhancements in the expense of impetuses (Section 4:A) in addition to hydrogen creation (Section 4:B); battery life (Section 4:C) and the security of hydrogen stockpiling (Section 4:D). The word standard for this report implies that there will be at any rate 1.15 million hydrogen energy unit vehicles on the universes streets [the number of electric vehicles in the planet (Carbon brief, 2016)] Segment 2: Introduction   â Nanotechnology is tied in with watching and controlling issue involving the nanoscale, which is ranges from 1 nanometre to 100 nanometres (Nanodic.com, nd). A nanometre is one billionth of a meter or 100 000 times littler than the width of human hair (DigPhilosophy, 2013). Nanotechnology is a standard factor in improving hydrogen power modules, which are gadgets that saddle the vitality of hydrogen to make power through a concoction response without burning (CHFCA, nd). These gadgets will be vital as they are used to make zero carbon impression vehicles. Lessening the carbon impression of humankind will decrease the expansive impacts of worldwide notice, which include biological systems and horticulture among different factors (Barret, nd). In this way, the turn of events and execution of hydrogen energy unit vehicles will have an extraordinary impact in safe guarding life in our planet. [DS1] Segment 3: Methodology Monetary Sources for Research For any venture to go ahead to the physical exploration stage there must be inner or potentially outer wellsprings of account. A few models incorporate government awards, organizations and non benefit organizations (Understanding Science, nd). For my own examination, the most suitable wellspring of account would be familys salary. This is on the grounds that I will exclusively be completing optional exploration. Making a spending plan for Research[DS2] The spending plan required for my exploration involves the thought of the accompanying: Cost of broadband (SKY, 2016) Cost of power (sust-it, 2015) Cost of renting of a PC (HARDSOFT, 2016) Cost Specification Monitory Cost (pounds) Broadband 16 Power 0.34 Renting a PC 65 Absolute expense 81.34 Exploration strategies and methods So as to complete the fundamental exploration I utilized the Internets broad database. The strategies engaged with this sort of exploration are web perusing, which includes composing the subject or question you wish to investigate in a web search tool and extricating disclosure data from the sources that show up. The other procedure included is referencing with the incredibly famous Harvard referencing model. Moral Issues: Nanotechnology[DS3] Despite the fact that Nanotechnology has a variety of exceptionally valuable applications some moral concerns were raised against its usage. Such concerns spin for the most part around the way that it isn't yet certain whether nanoparticles can, truth be told, associate adversely with our cells. There are now instances of different kinds of particles of comparable measurements making hurt our bodies. Such a model would be vehicle smolder particles being kept in our lungs (techNyouvids, 2013) and perhaps causing malignancy, cardiovascular sicknesses and asthma assaults (Nairaland Forum, 2013). It is in this manner just intelligent to address whether nanomaterials will have the equivalent or more regrettable impacts on our wellbeing. Therefore, more examination would need to be done if Nanotechnology is to be a built up discipline with basic practice inside society. Area 4: Results and Discussion A: Reducing the expense of the impetuses Nanotechnology can lessen the expense of the impetus (typically Platinum) utilized in a hydrogen energy components as less of the impetus would be utilized (Soutter, 2016). So as to downsize conventional impetuses, the top down assembling procedure can be utilized, which includes separating material of bigger measurement into the ideal nanomaterial (GrennFacts, 2016). Prominent disservices of this procedure incorporate the way that a ton of material is squandered ([2] Nano.gov, nd). furthermore, that roughly 250 complex advances are required to have the completed item (NanoScale Systems, 2015). An elective method is the base up assembling process, which involves building nanomaterials by developing single particles and atoms (GrennFacts, 2016). Moreover, since the impetus is at nanoscale it will have a more prominent surface territory; expanding the reactivity of the impetus thus the speed of the power modules concoction response (Nano.gov, nd). The advantages can be additionally evolved by the presentation of permeable nano bolster structures, for example, nanotubes, which would make the platinum nanoparticles much increasingly open for responding (Soutter, 2016). This would imply that power would me conveyed to the engine all the more rapidly thus increment the increasing speed of the hydrogen energy component vehicle. Such an improvement would make it increasingly serious in the market and help power device vehicles to go into standard industry waters. Besides, the improvement of nitrogen doped nanotubes can supplant platinum impetus. Henceforth diminishing the expense of hydrogen power modules since the expense of the impetus measured for 25% of the general energy unit cost (Soutter, 2016). The less expensive expense of nanotube impetuses isn't the main preferred position they offer; they will likewise furnish the energy component with the equivalent or more prominent force yield contrasted with the standard platinum impetus. It is likewise essential to consider the way that nanotube structures are additionally more grounded than ordinary impetuses meaning they are not undermined via carbon monoxide while responding artificially to make power. Such enhancements would imply that energy component vehicles are much less expensive; all the more remarkable and have a more extended running life. Accordingly, Nanotechnology is unquestionably supporting this developing vehicle innovation to enter the fundamental street of the 21st-century business vehicle industry. B: Reducing the expense of hydrogen creation Around 75% of everything in our universe is in truth hydrogen (Dnews, 2015). As result using this bountiful component to fuel our vehicles appears as though an all around subsidized thought. Its creation is likewise not in its outset of advancement as the U.S makes 9 million measurement tones of hydrogen yearly (Dnews, 2015). In any case, current techniques for hydrogen creation are not perfect. A model would be that the technique for acquiring hydrogen by breaking petroleum gas with high temperatures and weights produces carbon dioxide. Another method includes parting oxygen and hydrogen iotas in water with power, officially known as electrolysis (Dnews, 2015). Tragically, power for electrolysis is fundamentally gotten through the burning of coal that is another carbon dioxide emanating process. The procedure of hydrogen creation is likewise a famously costly method, which is a piece of the explanation behind the absence of execution of hydrogen power module vehicles. Strangely, be that as it may, making new impetuses can likewise diminish the assembling of hydrogen. Since hydrogen can be delivered by breaking down petroleum gas, which requires being ignored silicon or aluminum impetus (BBC Bitesize, nd), an abatement in the cost of the impetus would legitimately decrease the expense of assembling hydrogen. C: Extending energy units life once completely energized There have been various coordinated efforts so as to improve the strength of batteries. One energizing improvement are nanowire batteries, which are currently supposed to have the option to withstand 200, 000 rounds of charging because of work at the University of California Irvine. Nanowires are produced using gold and future improvements might furnish the world with the principal battery that doesn't require reviving. Another kind of battery utilizing nanotechnology has been created by the MIT that keep going multiple times as long as current choices available and it tends to be completely energized in only 6 minutes; they have named it nano yolk (Pocket lit, 2016). Such improvements would not just mean hydrogen power module vehicles become standard vehicles however the principle method of transport for our consistently developing populace (Pocket lit, 2016). D: Increasing the security of hydrogen stockpiling An ongoing paper (ACS Nano) has proposed Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as an absorptive stockpiling compound for hydrogen. The paper by driving creator Dr. Kondo Francois Aguey Zinsou additionally expressed that NaBH4 can assimilate hydrogen so it gives hydrogen fuel a similar vitality potential as that of petroleum in a comparable fuel tank. This would improve the wellbeing of hydrogen stockpiling since the compound NaBaH4 doesnt discharge hydrogen fundamentally at lodge temperatures, running from 57.3 degrees Celsius to 60.5 degrees Celsius (Manning, R., Ewing, J., 2009) [DS4]However, the compound must be built in the nanoscale and it must be immersed in a nickel shell. In addition, the wipe like compound (NaBH4) just discharges hydrogen prevalently at 350 degrees Celsius (The A Register, nd). Area 5: Conclusions[DS5] So as to decide if Nanotechnology can change hydrogen power module vehicles into standard vehicles, the chance of 1.15 million hydrogen energy unit vehicles being a piece of the universes streets must be broke down. A hypothetical point of view on the issue is given by the US setting the objective of having in any event 15% of all of Californias vehicles to be zero discharge vehicles be 2025 (Dnews, nd), that means 4.2 million vehicles [In 2012 there were 27.7 million enlisted vehicles in California (Reference, nd)]. That unquestionably surpasses my objective of 1.5 million, which propose Nanotechnology is en route to make energy component vehicles standard vehicles in America in any event. Along these lines, I can reason that Nanotechnology will transform hydrogen power module vehicles into standard vehicles. It

Role of the Marketing Manager-Free-Samples for Students-Myassigment

Social Media Policy How to Make Yours Thorough to Avoid Emergencies

Online networking Policy How to Make Yours Thorough to Avoid Emergencies With regards to online networking, how organizations set interior arrangements can be a hazy area. For instance, questions like, â€Å"Am I permitted to be on Facebook at work?†Ã¢ are turning out to be as normal as â€Å"how much time do I get off a year?† Being ready to handily address those inquiries is the place having an unmistakable and simple to-follow web based life arrangement becomes possibly the most important factor. By clearing up vagueness and characterizing in highly contrasting what is adequate online life conduct for your association, you can respond to those inquiries before they come up, and maintain a strategic distance from expensive web-based social networking botches. In this post, we’ll help clear up those cloudy waters by demonstrating you: Instructions to make web based life rules for your business. Having rules will enable your representatives to comprehend what is worthy social conduct. Knowing what’s fitting and not proper will help evade those botches that couldn't just make an embarrassment for the organization however cost a representative their activity. Step by step instructions to make a living web based life approach document. Having a living internet based life arrangement report is the way to keeping your company’s web-based social networking picture solid and stable. That as well as having an archive that is continually refreshed with the latest internet based life rules will give your representatives something to depend on with regards to noting those ever-changing online life questions. Instructions to move toward the discussion about online life strategy with your employees. Having a discussion about internet based life and its range inside and outside organization time is hard. In any case, setting up those rules and having those discussions are what will support your workers and your organization maintain a strategic distance from calamities in the not too distant future. The most effective method to Build a Thorough Social Media Policy to Prevent EmergenciesBefore We Start: Grab Your Free Social Media Policy Template Before you keep perusing, download our Social Media Policy Template, which will walk you through how to make your own online life approach. When you’re done,  you’ll have your own arrangement to hand off to your representatives. Start By Explaining Why You Need a Social Media Policy The principal thing that you are going to see when you open your online life strategy format is a segment devoted to responding to the accompanying inquiry: For what reason does this online life strategy exist and for what reason should your representatives care about it? Sketching out why you have your arrangement will enable your representatives to comprehend what they can never really advance the organization, assist them with abstaining from making web based life fiascos, and ensure that you don’t lose a conceivably incredible worker dependent on one occurrence of misguided thinking. In your internet based life layout, we’ve laid out an essential response to the â€Å"why does this arrangement exist?† question. Be that as it may, don't hesitate to modify your answer dependent on your organization rules and desires. Who Are We On Social Media? Your organization most likely has a lot of basic beliefs or core values that you work by. These qualities are at the core of all that you do. Those qualities don’t need to stop once your workers leave the workplace, either. They can be a piece of their own online life posts also. At we live by: Being enthusiastic about our item Never making due with adequate Completing sh*t Preparing to stun the world Extraordinary structure Customized client support Those fundamental beliefs can convert into internet based life core values. How might you do that? By asking yourself, â€Å"How are your center standards going to drive your collaborations on social media?† For instance, at we are energetic about our item. How does that drive our employee’s online networking connections? We talk about our item. We’re pleased with what we made and along these lines we share data about it. It could be another update, another element or a huge use case. To make these rules every single one of your center standards should have a noteworthy thing joined. The most effective method to Set Expectations For Your Employees The most ideal path for your workers to comprehend what they can and can't present on social is on be as clear as conceivable with your desires. For the following piece of your web based life arrangement format, we’re going to concentrate on the best way to plainly characterize those desires. Figuring out What Your Employees Should Post Figuring out what your workers should present is urgent on the achievement of your online networking nearness. When you’re considering what your workers should post, be as clear and explicit as you can. The more you clarify, the less inquiries you’ll have not far off. So for a model, let’s imagine a speculative performance center organization was taking a shot at a rundown of proper subjects their representatives could post. It may look something like this: Up and coming tryouts Up and coming shows Organization news (when endorsed by board for discharge to open) Employment or masterful openings Industry news Practice photographs Organization excursions Nearby occasions Nearby theater creations In the background/behind the stage photographs Every single one of these models is something a worker can post about the organization and not need to stress over checking in with the online life group to ensure it’s OK. Truth be told, we would urge our workers to post about these subjects! Suggested Reading: How to Curate Content For Social Media to Help Boost Your Reach Deciding Post Topics Your Employees Should Avoid The greater part of the things that you would urge your workers to be careful posting about are quite clear as crystal and ought to be good judgment regions to maintain a strategic distance from. Notwithstanding, clear guidelines will help direct your workers and make less inquiries not far off. So let’s return to our internet based life approach format and see what a model resembles: Governmental issues Religion Delicate tryout data Organization funds Ensembles or set photographs (except if consent has been given by the originator) Theories about up and coming season appears Negative audits of entertainers, chiefs or different craftsmen Negative audits of nearby theaters Tattle or other provocative language Disparaging language about someone’s sex, religion, legacy, sexual direction or handicap The greater part of these are really evident however there is one point that you have to obviously characterize withinâ your web based life arrangement archive. The meaning of disparaging language. That line is so natural to cross, and what your organization characterizes as deprecatory language might be not quite the same as another. For this model our auditorium organization would characterize harsh language as *It is essential to take note of that injurious language is characterized at Change Theater Company as whatever corrupts, affronts, or infers that a person that has a place with one of those gatherings is anything short of an individual with their own one of a kind encounters and points of view. At Change Theater Company we endeavor to acknowledge and regard all points of view and individuals, regardless of what their identity is. The more you can attract that line the sand, the better. The right to speak freely Of Speech Versus Company Policy: Which One Wins? Attempting to mention to workers what they can post on their social records is the meaning of a hazy area. It is their own record, all things considered, they are qualified for their own sentiments. All things considered, while you are qualified for your own sentiments, that doesn’t imply that you or your workers are liberated from the reaction of an inadequately worded tweet. Truly, the right to speak freely of discourse is significant, yet simply like in reality where you speak to your organization consistently, you additionally speak to your organization via web-based networking media consistently. You speak to your organization via web-based networking media at all times.So how would you explore this specific hazy area? Imparting insights on sensitive subjects will change by organization, industry and that's just the beginning. For instance, our hypothetical performance center organization urged our representatives to step cautiously with regards to posting about hot catch points like religion and legislative issues. In any case, both of those points may come up as topics around various shows, subsequently it would be totally sensible for representatives to participate in conversation about them.  Another strife model could be on the off chance that you work for a news association. These generally no-no points come up day by day for reports, they can’t simply overlook them and proceed with their day. So what’s the fix? It’s indispensable that when you make your company’s online networking strategy, you consider its open position. On the off chance that your association is revolved around legislative issues, it would most likely be alright for your representatives to post about them, however again everything depends. While you can urge representatives to avoid talking about specific themes via web-based networking media, note that you can't, as per the National Labor Relations Board, limit individuals from examining things like wages or working conditions in addition to other things. On the off chance that you’re in question about something, counsel your legitimate group. You never need to feel like you’re crushing your representatives with your web based life approach, yet you likewise need to ensure yourself, and them! Presently there’s a pattern that says in the event that you put a disclaimer in your profile like â€Å"opinions are my own† orâ â€Å"retweets don't rise to endorsements† then your substance is protected from manager kickback and your organization is sheltered from open backfire. Those smidgens of legitimate language do literally nothing to ensure you or your organization. They are ideal to have, however don’t depend on them to spare you or your organization if a circumstance emerges. The entirety of this data isn't intended to terrify you or to urge you to make an approach that is secured so close it demoralizes your representatives from posting on the web. Or maybe, the arrangement is there to help manage your representatives and assist them with maintaining a strategic distance from botches, not shut down their internet based life posting. A #social #m

Sustainability for Rapid Industrialization and Gloablization

Question: Examine about theSustainability for Rapid Industrialization and Globalization. Answer: Presentation Frameworks thinking can be characterized as a way to deal with coordination that takes a shot at the premise of conviction that the presentation of the segment portions of framework will altogether contrast when they will be isolated from different pieces of the framework or frameworks condition (Gharajedaghi, 2011). Frameworks are seen in an all encompassing way by frameworks thinking. Set of isolated parts that are interrelated with one another for moving in the direction of the accomplishment of shared objective is known as framework. This article favors the contention that framework believing is basic in creating answer for maintainability challenges. In this article, the materialness of frameworks believing is talked about in managing the issue of family unit food squander. The issue of family unit food squander is being looked by both created and creating nations and is expanding at a quick pace. Since there is no particular answer for the issue of family unit food squander, it is viewed as an underhanded issue. Fiendish or complex issue circumstances can be adequately tended to with the assistance of frameworks thinking. Frameworks believing is basic in creating answers for supportability challenges The answers for supportability difficulties can be successfully evolved with the assistance of frameworks thinking. This is because of the way that this methodology gives a perceptible view to things (Boardman Sauser, 2008). In any case, the customary reasoning methodology and frameworks thinking approach are not quite the same as one another. The focal point of customary investigation approach is on the topic of study. Then again, the focal point of frameworks thinking approach is on the between connection between the different constituents of framework. With the quick industrialization and gloablization, a few complexities will be looked in the forthcoming years. Such comlex issues will be viably managed the assistance of frameworks thinking. A basic use of this methodology is framework test which has three significant Parts in particular reason, components and capacities (Xu, L., Marinova Guo, 2015). Framework thinking center around the way in which the constituents of the framework interface with each other. Complex issues experienced by the general public can be settled because of the idea of framework thinking (Arnold Wade, 2015). Maintainability challenges are otherwise called versatile difficulties because of the way that strategies and proticols that have just settled can't be applied to such suituations. In addition, there is no strong methodology or strategy for managing most insidious challeges of manageability (Hester Adams, 2014). The Problem of Household Food Waste The issue of family unit food squander is an insidious issue. The information proposes that there is all out wastage of 4 million tons of food consistently in Australia. Out of this, business food wastage is equal to 1.38 million tons and family unit food wastage is 2.6 million tons. Consistently 4 million tons of family food is sent by the Australians to landfill. It is $8 billion worth of extras, new food, long-life and bundled items, takeaways and solidified food. Normal family receptacle comprises of food up to 40%. Contemplating a normal Australian family unit, it implies food of worth $1000 is discarded every year. Such food is adequate for taking care of a normal family for whole month. In addition, 20% of the food bought by Australians is disposed of. It is equivalent to 1 pack out of each 5 sacks of staple goods (Food Wise, 2012). Nature is seriously affected by food wastage. When there is rot of food in the landfill without air, an ozone harming substance canceled methane is given which is multiple times more carbon dioxide that exudes out of the fumes of a vehicle. An expected 20-40% of the vegetables and organic products are prohibited before arriving at the shop retires because of the explanation of their failure to satisfy the high restorative guidelines required by the clients and general stores (Food Wise, 2012). Food wastage can be characterized into three classes: preventable food wastage (food that can be expended), conceivably preventable food wastage (food that can be devoured however is commonly not expended, for example, pumpkin skin) and unavoidable food wastage (food items that can't be devoured). Families in Australia toss out adequate food every year to fill in excess of 450,000 dump trucks. The creation of food is finished by utilizing around 33% of the farming place where there is the world that is consequently not eaten. Assets, for example, fuel, water and composts used to develop that food are additionally along these lines squandered. The volume of food wastage should be fundamentally diminished to continue the restricted assets of the world and for tying down adequate food to all people. The reasons gave by shoppers to food wastage remember purchasing for more prominent amounts, buying incorrectly thing, enormous bundles, broken/terrible bundle, going of best before date, and so on. Food wastage additionally happens due to getting ready food in enormous amounts, planning of food that don't taste well, non-plausibility to spare the extras, and so on. John Frydenberg, the Minister of Environment and Energy, expressed that the social, monetary and natural effect of wastage of food implies that each and every Australian is engaged with it. The decrease of food waste can be adequately encouraged by bundling. At the end of the day, bundling and its capacities have a significant influence in the food wastage. (Williams, Wikstrom, Otterbring, Lofgren Gustafsson, 2012) Utilization of Systems Thinking for Dealing with the Problem of Household Food Waste Different ways can be given by System thinking to the reason for managing the complexities of family unit food wastage issue. The selection of framework approach has an exceptional history of 50 years. A more extensive point of view is given to different issues by frameworks approach to discover the interconnection among different levels (Higgins, 2014). The essentialness of conditions and conditions is considered by a framework approach alongside the impact of such conditions on at the hour of usage stage. A major effect can be brought about one component because of little change in another while managing the evil issues under frameworks approach (Pandey Kumar, 2016). The decrease of food misfortune and food wastage has increased enough significant with its social, financial and natural effects getting all the more clear. Food squander counteraction approaches are regularly founded on separating the framework into its segment parts and making endeavors for tending to them exclusively (otherwise called reductionist methodologies). A change is important at different levels by method of reexamining the food framework by utilizing a frameworks approach and an asset valuation viewpoint. Australia should make the family unit food squander issue as its national motivation. Appropriation of frameworks thinking will require considering the present moment and long haul perspective on family unit food wastage. It will encourage esteeming of assets, explicitly food. It will likewise require changing of attitude for feasible conduct by thinking about natural effect, social effect and asset productivity for example planet, individuals and benefit. Frameworks thinking further weights on the requirement for saving the assets somewhat. This thusly permits esteeming the food alongside the assets used to create the food. Additionally, it will help in using the assets in a proficient and maintainable way while maintaining the attention on minimization of waste. The frameworks approach required the overhauling of the whole food framework for accomplishing the perfect state. At the end of the day, frameworks approach gives the glorified structure where assets are esteemed for accomplishing maintainable execution. This thusly perceives the necessity for taking care of billions of individuals constantly 2050 alongside recognizing that more strain is put on the assets over the globe because of expanded pay. The updating because of frameworks thinking fundamentally helps in limiting waste and productively catching and diverting abundance food. The frameworks approach will help with making mindfulness and training by method of changing the mentalities of purchasers, people and government (Allen Prosperi, 2016). The brought issues to light level will help in beating the distress caused as the correspondence identified with food squander insights will capably associate the crowds to ecological mischief, hunger and squandered assets. Thusly, the frameworks approach will encourage conduct change contingent on the mindfulness energizing want for dynamic activity. Family unit food wastage is additionally limited with the assistance of teaching the clients. Such training will likewise help in recuperating or disseminating overabundance food from the family units (The University of Vermont, 2014). Such training ought to be begun right off the bat in schools which ought to clarify the ecological issues related with family unit food wastage, estimation of food items, and so forth. New projects ought to be started on food security and difficulties related with populace. The attitude change encouraged by the frameworks approach should change the mentality of culture of wealth as it can't be managed by the general public. Another minimized is required between the food business and the shoppers. Activities ought to be changed to give or freezing the abundance nourishment for later or conveyance to the destitute. The obligation fears ought to be survived and steps ought to be taken for accomplishing food recuperation. The frameworks approach additional ly incorporates motivating forces for expanding the expense of food to landfill. Efficient reasoning has been embraced in Australia which has fundamentally aided the practical administration of food and decrease of waste. This has set aside the cash of buyers and has made an extension in the networks for the individuals who

Island of the Sequined Love Nun Chapter 27~28 Free Essays

27 Young lady Talk Sepie washed the pilot’s hair in a bowl with beat coconut and harsh water. She had been dealing with the oblivious white man for two days and it was beginning to get dreary. She was mispel of the bachelors’ house, and washing and helping a debilitated and stinky white man was not part of her expected set of responsibilities. We will compose a custom exposition test on Island of the Sequined Love Nun Chapter 27~28 or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now This was women’s work. There are legends in the islands, and a portion of the elderly people men swear they are valid, that the ladies who administration the bachelors’ houses, the mispels, were taken to the mystery island of Maluuk, known uniquely to the high pilots, where they were prepared in the craft of pleasuring a man. Following quite a while of preparing, a mispel was required to breeze through an assessment before she was permitted to come back to her home island to assume control over the obligation of keeping an eye on the sexual needs of the men of the bachelors’ house. The test? She was sent into the sea with a ready earthy colored coconut gripped between her thighs, and there she skimmed, in overwhelming surf, for the whole circuit of the tides. Should the coconut pop free or the mispel contact it with her hands, she bombed the test (in spite of the fact that there was some breathing space in case of shark assault). It is said that the internal thighs of the mispels of old were as solid as net link. The second piece of the test required the young lady to locate a fragile dragonfly orchid with a straight stem, and keeping in mind that her instructors looked on, she would bring down herself over the bloom until it vanished within her, at that point rise again following a couple of momen ts, leaving the stem unbent and the petals unbruised. The mispel held a place of respect, regarded and worshipped among the is-landers. She was not required to do housekeeping, cooking, or weaving, and keeping in mind that different ladies works in taro fields from the time they could walk, a mispel was permitted to snooze in the shade, monitoring her vitality for her nighttime obligations. A mispel frequently finished her voyage through obligation by wedding a man of high status. No shame followed her into wedded life, and she would be searched out to the finish of her days by different ladies for counsel on taking care of men. Sepie, nonetheless, had not been picked as a result of any exceptional ability, nor had she gone through any energetic concubinal training camp. Sepie had been set apart for mispel from the snapshot of her menses, when she rose up out of the women’s house with her lavalava tied a piece excessively high and demonstrating a lot cappuccino thigh, her skin scoured with copra until she flickered all finished, and her bosoms sparkling like finished wooden tea cups. She had painted her lips with the juice of squashed berries and peppered her long dark hair with scores of sweet jasmine blooms. She chuckled teasingly within the sight of the considerable number of men, moved hazardously near the untouchable of addressing them in broad daylight, gambled beatings by declining to tumble to her knees when her male cousins passed, and approached her errands with a wiggly vitality that had prompted more than one of the occupied town young men to drop out of a breadfruit tree during harvest. ( She broke lower legs just as hearts.) Sepie was all titter and bother, a sluggish young lady who exceeded expectations at recreation, a characteristic at conjuring and denying want, a wet dream conceded. At fifteen she moved to the bachelors’ house and had lived there for a long time. When Malink and the men acquired the flyer and the man the dress to her, she realized she was in a tough situation. â€Å"Take care of them,† Malink said. â€Å"Feed them. Help to make them strong.† Sepie kept her head bowed while Malink talked, however when he completed she grasped his hand and drove him into the bachelors’ house, motioning to different men to lay the flyer and his companion on the ground outside. The men grinned among themselves, imagining that old Malink was going inside to get a unique kindness from the mispel. What, actually, he was getting was an ass biting. â€Å"Why don’t you take them to your home, Malink? I don’t need them here.† â€Å"It’s a mystery. On the off chance that my significant other and little girls discover they are here, at that point everybody will know.† â€Å"I’m the one in particular who can stay quiet in the bachelors’ house. Take them to old Sarapul’s house. Nobody goes there.† â€Å"He needs to eat them.† Malink couldn’t recollect ever argueing with a lady and he wasn’t at all readied for it. â€Å"You’re boss. Advise him not to. I won't cook for them. In the event that I feed them, they will poop. I’m not going to clean it up.† â€Å"Sepie, what will you do when you wed and have youngsters? You should do these things at that point. I am asking you as your boss to do these things.† â€Å"No,† Sepie said. Malink moaned. â€Å"I am requesting that you do these things in light of the fact that these men have been sent to us by Vincent.† Sepie didn’t realize what to state. She had heard the Sky Priestess reprimand Malink before the individuals, however she had been progressively worried about losing espresso and sugar for a month than with the genuine offense. â€Å"You will advise the men to cook for them?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And they will convey them to the sea shore and wash them on the off chance that they shit?† â€Å"I will let them know. If it's not too much trouble Sepie.† No man had ever said â€Å"please† to her previously, not to mention the boss. It was anything but a kindness that ladies merited. Just because she understood how urgent Malink truly was. â€Å"And you will advise Abo to wash his dick when it is his turn.† â€Å"What does that have to do with this?† â€Å"He is stinky.† â€Å"I will tell him.† â€Å"And you will advise Favo to stop making me put dabs in his ass.† â€Å"Favo does that?† â€Å"He said he took in it from the Japanese.† â€Å"Really? Favo?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"But he’s old, and he has a spouse and numerous grandchildren.† â€Å"He says it makes his lance stronger.† â€Å"He does? That is to say, does it work?† Malink had quickly overlooked why he was here. â€Å"I don’t like it. It is underhanded and unclean.† â€Å"You’re discussing my old companion Favo, correct? He’s the one you’re talking about?† â€Å"I disclosed to him just single men were assume to remain here, however he says his significant other doesn’t get him. His hands resemble the skin of a shark.† â€Å"What sort of beads?† â€Å"Tell him,† Sepie said. â€Å"Okay,† Malink said in English. At that point to himself he stated: â€Å"Old Favo.† He shook his head as he left the bachelors’ house. â€Å"Beads.† Sepie watched him go, wishing that she had requested more favors. Outside the men were smiling when Malink ventured into the evening glow. He hitched up his undergarment and turned away his eyes from theirs. â€Å"Take them inside. You should cook and clean for them. Don’t let the lady do it. It is unreasonably significant for her.† As the men conveyed Tuck and Kimi into the bachelors’ house, Favo wandered up to Malink. â€Å"How was it?† Malink took a gander at his old companion and saw just because that Favo wore a long string of ivory dots around his neck. â€Å"I need to return home now,† Malink said. Sepie was, indeed, cleaning up the wooden floor where the pilot had peed on himself, when she heard the other one represent the first run through. The men had propped the Filipino up in the corner, where he had sat drinking the coconut milk and fish stock that she had been filling the pilot, however aside from a couple of snorts when he advanced outside to pee, the man in the dress had hushed up for two days. Sepie had figured out how to overlook him. He didn’t smell as terrible as the pilot, and she kind of preferred his blossomed dress. She’d said a petition to Vincent for a dress simply like it. â€Å"Where is Roberto?† the Filipino said. Sepie bounced. It didn’t shock her so much that he had spoken, however that he had communicated in her language. In spite of the fact that the words were cut, the path somebody from Iffallik or Satawan may talk. â€Å"He’s right here,† she said. â€Å"Your companion smells. You should take him outside and wash him in the sea.† â€Å"That’s not Roberto. That’s Tucker. Roberto is shorter.† Kimi slithered over to Tuck and laid his hand on the flyer’s temple. â€Å"He has terrible fever. You have medicine?† â€Å"Aspirin,† Sepie said. Malink had given her a jug of the tablets to squash into the flyer’s stock, yet after he choked on the main portion she had quit offering it to him. â€Å"He is more debilitated than anti-inflamatory medicine. He needs a specialist. You have a doctor?† â€Å"We have the Sorcerer. He does our medication. He was a specialist before the Sky Priestess came.† Kimi took a gander at her. â€Å"What island is this?† â€Å"Alualu.† â€Å"Ha! We need to get specialist for Tucker. He owes me 500 dollars.† Sepie’s eyes went wide. No big surprise he wears such a fine dress. 500 dollars! She stated, â€Å"The boss says I must be mystery about this man. Everybody realizes he is here. The young men become inebriated and talk. In any case, I can’t get the doctor.† â€Å"Why would you say you are dealing with him? You are only a girl.† â€Å"I am not only a young lady. I am mispel.† Kimi sneered. â€Å"There are no mispels anymore.† Sepie tossed down the cloth she was utilizing to wipe the floor. â€Å"What do you know? You are a man in a dress, and I don’t trust you have 500 dollars.† â€Å"It was a decent dress before the typhoon,† Kimi said. â€Å"Wash-and-wear. No laundry Sepie gestured as though she realized what he was discussing. â€Å"It is a

How To Use Essay Samples For Students

How To Use Essay Samples For StudentsCambridge Essay samples are freely available to you and your students online and offline. These essays are at your disposal for free, because they are just websites that have been written by students that need help writing an essay. They are a great way for you to get your students to produce high quality essays, even if they have not been schooled in essay writing skills. But before starting to use the essay samples, there are a few things that you must take into consideration.First, you should look for grammar errors. A lot of people don't really know how to spell correctly. You should know the correct spelling before you begin to teach your students the proper ways to spell their names. If you have students who are still learning how to spell, it's time to get them to learn to spell their name correctly so that they will have a good chance of being able to spell correctly when it comes time to send their essays to colleges and universities. If they are able to correctly spell their name, then they will know what to write in their essay, too.Your choice of a style may also be a problem. The Oxford guide for writing essays has certain standards and they are called the standard essays. If you do not adhere to these standards, you may want to consider using an alternative essay format for your Cambridge essay samples. You don't want to waste your students' time by having them write an essay that is just like all the other essays out there, do you?You should also check the level of writing that is on the essay. Some people are very skilled at writing long, deep speeches while others are very good at writing sentences and paragraphs that are very brief. There are also those who are great at short, crisp, and to the point essays.The good thing about having essays available to you is that you have many different styles. When you choose to use one or more of these styles, it will be much easier for you to choose the perfect essay for your students. This is especially true for students who have trouble writing essays. When you have a list of essays that you can use, you'll have a better chance of writing something unique and inspiring.If you are going to use essay samples in class, you should still follow some basic guidelines. It is important that you make sure that your students understand the purpose of each essay. If you have students who don't know the purpose of the essay, then you might want to let them choose an essay that is just an essay for the sake of having an essay. It is very easy to fall into this trap and teach your students something that is uninteresting.When it comes to teaching an essay, it is also important to have a class that is interested in what you are teaching. If you have students who aren't really that interested in the topic of the essay, then you may want to consider putting another type of topic on the table. Since students don't like to read books about something, it's easier for them to choose from essays that they read online or from other sources. Sometimes, it's the fact that the essays are written by someone else that makes the essay so interesting. You should realize that if you do not have students who really enjoy what you are teaching, then it's probably time to move on to other subjects.By giving your students plenty of opportunities to create their own essays online, you will have no problem giving them the resources that they need to be successful in college. This will ensure that your students are prepared to succeed in their classes and will improve their essays by leaps and bounds.

Articles of Confederation vs Constitution of 1787 Essaypilot

American Revolution ending led to the formation of a new republic. The turmoils accrued from the loopholes created in the articles of confederation were the hindrance for the thirteen colonies in the formation of the new nation. The revolution was conservative in comparison to Russian revolution since it never a radical change (McNees, 2014). After the revolution was over capitalism, slavery and money remained. It led to the rise of the unicameral legislature in the state government. The revolution led to the change from the article of confederation to the constitution. The objective of this paper is to learn the comparison between the articles of confederation and constitution. The article of Confederation was the first constitution of United States of America. It set the laws of federal government management and running process. It came into practice from November 1777 after the amendment made in June 1776 by the second continental congress. The production of the articles was done by the legislative body that was believed to have the understanding with a confederacy of the sovereignty, independence and the freedom of the new nation(McPherson, 2003). It consisted of thirteen articles which established a confederation known as the United States of America.The Congress could request the state government authority for settling the public debts. On request, twelve states approved apart from Rhode Island which led to defeat to the application. The congress proceeded on borrowing funds and sold western land in aid to raise more funds. Articles of Confederation were able to bring all the state to form one national government. However, it was weak therefore having many problems on the progress such as Congress had no powers to raise revenue through tax collection(McNees, 2014). The financial constrained the congress from paying the army, and as a result, there were threats to the national defense. There was economical sabotaged since there was no regulation that directed the state on issuing of standard money. The other countries felt betrayed since their treaties were not taken into action by the states. These weakened the governing of all the states since each had formulated their laws(McPherson, 2003). The Congress was denied powers to enforce laws, yet it had them. The constitution gives more powers to the Congress unlike the article of confederation. All the states were to remain with their self-government powers and sovereignty, authority and right to govern them (McPherson, 2003). The confederation did not state either the United States of America was a government or state. However, it stated that states were a solid group of friends joined by a common interest that safeguarded their liberties. The supermajorities were highly in a quest for a subsequent defect in the Articles of Confederation. The adjustment required approval by all the thirteen states and endorsement of at least nine states (Prince Baron, 1867). Some delegates often skipped the delegation conference; therefore, one or two states could defeat legislative proposals of main agendas. The Congress had no powers on securing the treaties accepted. The foreign nations lacked faith in the confederation since of the fear that their treaties could not be honored (Tindall Shi, 2016). It contributed to the rise of the formulation of a new constitution. The constitution was to unify the entire states, whereby one government could govern them. Congress was offered with more powers pass bills and make amendments. It also enjoys more power from article 1, section 8 of the constitution which include; power to declare war, raise revenue, regulate businesses, to establish federal courts and their jurisdictions, raise an army and navy and make rules on immigration (McNees, 2014). Unlike the articles which only gave power to Congress to pass laws, the constitution offers more adequate powers making them in charge of the laws of all the states in the United States of America. After the Revolutionary War, the state government feared to give the new American government too much constitutional power. Thomas Paine ought to seek changes that would promote democracy, while others like Alexander Hamilton feared to give too much power to the common man. Their fears were that act uncontrollably (Tindall Shi, 2016). Moreover, the Patriots continued with the argument over who should be given the right to vote, but John Adams warned on his argumentative theory that allowing the poor to vote could destroy all distinctions of development of the nation. Delegates devised a plan in 1787 convention, for a stronger federal government with three branches–executive, legislative and judicial. After the victory of the American Revolution led to the demands of the state for having a stronger government to acquire political, economic and social stability. In 1786 Alexander both a lawyer and politician called for a constitutional convention. The confederation congress also endorsed the idea inviting the entire delegate in Philadelphia for a 13 state convention. The convention took place on independence hall which was the former Pennsylvania state house on 25th May 1787. Except for the Rhode state which never sent its delegate, 55 delegates were representing the other twelve states. It failed to send its delegation due to the few that the central government would control all the economical business (McNees, 2014). The popular vote cast selected George Washington as the new president of the central government. The delegates comprised of an educated class of farmers, bankers, lawyers and merchants who had previously served in the continental congress or army and colonial legislatures (Prince Baron, 1867). Their religious affiliation was that most were Protestants. Apart from Benjamin Franklin, aged 81, all the other delegates were in the age bracket of 3os and 40s. The delegates had been summoned by the Congress to make amendments on the articles of confederation. The convention’s five-member Committee of Style drafted the constitution consisting of 4,200 words by September 1787. Washington was the first one to sign followed by 39 delegates while three refused to sign. The draft was ratified and was passed into law in 1789. It contains the bill of rights, economic regulations, and political regulations. The oppose of the constitution were regarded as the federalist while those who opposed anti-federalists. They opposed since their views were that the national government had been given more powers. Five states Delaware, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Connecticut and New Jersey on 7th December 1787 quickly ratified the constitution. The rejection was experienced due to its failure to reserve delegated powers to the states and protection rights like freedom of speech, the press, and religion. Beginning from February 1788 the other state started the ratification of the constitution, and on 4th March 1789, the constitution became into force. Washington George was inaugurated as the first United States of America president (McPherson, 2003). On February 1790 the US Supreme Court held its first session marking when the government was fully operational. Rhode Island was final on the ratification of the constitution on May 1790. The original constitution is displayed at National Archive in Washington D.C. Works Cited McNees, T. (2014). Creating a National Government: The Origins of the Constitution. ‎Dayton: Milliken Publishing Company. McPherson, J. (2003). The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. Prince, B., Baron, L. (1867). The Articles of Confederation Vs. the Constitution: The Progress of Nationality Among the People and in the Governmen. New York: Putnam. Tindall, G., Shi, D. (2016). America: A Narrative History, Tenth Edition. New York : W. W. Norton Company,.

The Life and Accomplishments of Thomas Paine Essay

The Life and Accomplishments of Thomas Paine Thomas Paine came as a English man who didnt have much of anything, not many friends, not much money, but with the help of others wishing to keep him alive and give him a chance at a new life. Thomas Paine grew from a sick, unshaven, almost penniless, dirty man to a clean shaven man who helped band thousands of Englishmen together to fight for Independence. Thomas Paine was born in England on January 29, 1737. Paine travelled to American 1774, He landed, then went to Pennsylvania. When he landed he started teaching two children with the recommendation of Benjamin Franklin. After he got a job as a journalist and essayist and helped a Scotsman named Robert Aitkin start†¦show more content†¦One night soon after, Paine was drunk with Sam Adams and Michael Clowsky, the expatriate pole and he mentioned that he thinks they need a new world, or independence. At first the Pole laughed at him, but Adams liked the idea. Aitkin still tried to get Paine back because many people liked his articles and his poems hed have in the paper. Paine still stood his ground and said no, Aitkin also didnt want Paine to hold a grudge, but Paine said he doesnt hold a grudge against anyone but himself. One of Paines friends was Thomas Jefferson. Paine looked forward to sharing a pot of coffee with him, dinner or just sitting in front of a fire. Jefferson drew from Paine as much of him as he could and then put the confused memories and assembled it all with meaning. One time Jefferson was giving a small dinner and asked Paine to come. At first Paine refused because he valued his friendship with Jefferson and didnt want to make a fool out of himself in front of Virginians. Jefferson finally persuaded Paine to go. Paine was amazed at the dinner. Washington knew of Paine and quickly shook hands with him. Washington often read the Pennsylvania Magazine while Paine didnt expect him to of read anything. Paine grew a friendship with Washington and wasnt surprised when Washington was made commander in chief of group of Yankees who were like hungry wolves around Boston. After meeting a family called the Rumpels,Show MoreRelatedPrimary Source Analysis Common Sense Essays796 Words   |  4 Pages Primary Source Analysis Thomas Paine Common Sense Context: In result of The Seven Years’ War Britain controlled American trade and territory. In order to pay for the expenses of the war several taxation acts and military presence were implemented such as the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Currency Act, Quartering Act and the presence of British troops at the colonies. Consequently, Americans who thought these actions violated their political and constitutional liberties opposed these policies withRead More46 Pages Essay examples870 Words   |  4 PagesPages: Thomas Paine, Common Sense, and the Turning Point to Independence, ISBN 9780762418138. 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Study Of Attitudinal Differences Of Malaysian Customers - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4570 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Demography Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? This research emphasizes attitudinal difference of Malaysian customers about Islamic banking services. The banking service providers can gain excellent benefit from Islamic banking practices upon identification of these differences. A structured questionnaire was constructed to collect the necessary data to answer the research questions as being framed on related affective factors of attitudinal differences of consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Malaysia. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study Of Attitudinal Differences Of Malaysian Customers" essay for you Create order In this research we have employed independent sample à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ test and ANOVA to test the hypotheses. Results showed that Malaysian consumers have positive attitude toward Islamic banking. Results of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ test showed significant attitudinal differences between males and females. In addition, the results of ANOVA showed significant attitudinal difference existed only between Malay and Chinese and between Chinese and Indian, while the overall attitudes of all three races were positive toward Islamic banking. One potential limitation of this study was the size and composition of the group which participated in the study. Therefore, a generalization about the entire population of Malaysian banking customers of banking sector is inappropriate. In addition, this research could not incorporate all levels of diverse attributes of Islamic banking that might influence customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ behavior. The results of this study can faci litate the Islamic banking service providers to introduce new, innovative service offerings based on attitudinal differences and of course, in accordance with Islamic rules and regulation. Introduction Attitude is an important aspect to understand or predict the behaviors of customers in some situation (Sethi, 2002). General attitudes are relatively good predictors of general behavioral likelihoods (Eagly and Chaiken, 1993). Furthermore, customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attitude toward a product or service is influenced by a match of the product or service user image with the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s self-concept (Ekinci and Riley, 2003; Sirgy et al., 1992; Wang and Heitmeyer, 2005). Results of the present study may help the Islamic banking service providers to find out the potential customers for expanding their services. So, it seems fundamental to understand the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ thinking or attitudinal behavior on how they perceive about the Islamic banking. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islamic banking has become a substantial and fastest growing industry during the last four decades. It has followed the Islamic transactions rules and principles (Shariaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢h) t o carry out their businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Henry and Wilson, 2004; Iqbal and Mirakhor, 2007; Dusuki and Abdullah, 2007). In accordance with Shariaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢h principles, any payment or receipt of interest is strictly prohibited. Although, the Islamic bank also offered more or less similar products and services which are similar to those offered by a conventional bank, such as, current accounts, credit cards, investments in securities, cheque collection, etc. (Naser et al., 1999). There are now over 300 Islamic banks and financial institutions worldwide and the estimated assets of between US$200 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" US$300 billion (Henry and Wilson, 2004; Ibrahim, 2006; Pollard and Samers, 2007). Furthermore, according to Pollard and Samers (2007) almost 25 percent of Islamic financial institutions now operate in countries that do not have Muslim majorities and interest-based banks have opened up à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islamic windowsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? to attract the growing number of Musli ms living in Europe and North America. Nonetheless, Wilson (1995) states: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islamic banking is no longer regarded as a business entity striving only to fulfill the religious obligations of the Muslim community, but more significantly, as a business that is ineluctably in need for winning over customers at the same time as retaining the old onesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Wilson, 1995; Dusuki and Abdullah, 2007). Hinting the rapid proliferation of Islamic Banking services, Bley and Kuehn, (2005) writes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islamic financial services sector is growing at double digit ratesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. One of the emerging, fastest growing, and progressive Muslim nations, Malaysia has already gained significant global attraction of investment opportunities. Financial and capital markets have strong foothold in Malaysia which in turn, attracted investors to expand local and global banking facilities and the operation of the subsidiaries of multinational companies. In these positive turn of economic transformations, it is vital for the Islamic Banking service providers to know the psychological and/or behavioral attitudes of the potential Muslim, as well as, non-Muslim customers toward Islamic banking services that are currently available. Yet, knowledge about customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attitudinal differences towards Islamic banking is very scant and research to date is also limited. In this study an affirmative stance was taken to focus on these key issues that were perceived to be worth taking in the course of transforming Islamic banking services conducive to the development of customer satisfaction, better business relations, real growth, and future developments. Islamic Banking: Malaysian Scenario Malaysia is well placed in the heart of South East Asia and also a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Excellent business opportunities exist in most of the sectors in Malaysia, not only for geographical advantage, but also for dynamic political leaderships and stability, congenial atmosphere for foreign investments, cross-cultural diversity, and many other feasible factors. The economy of Malaysia is one of the most progressive and fastest growing in South East Asian regions. Her transformation, from a mining and agriculture-driven economy in the 1970s to manufacturing in the 1990s, enabled the nation to magnetize foreign investment and increase its export capabilities substantially. The robust external environment was supported by equally strong domestic commercial activities as private consumption went up consistent with incomes and private investment that eventually enhanced productive capacity to meet ever-growing demand. As a positive consequence of the expansion in local and external demand, opportunities for employment also strengthened. Moreover, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a distinctive and important feature of the Malaysian economy is its high degree of flexibility, which is important to mitigate the impact of external shocks and to sustain Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s growth performance for more than three decadesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Bank Negara, 2006). It is worth mentioning here that political stability also significantly energized and inspired the nation to adopt a sophisticated strategy, which had been defined in the Seventh Malaysia Plan to make the transformation of the nation into a fully developed country by 2020. Such noteworthy development plan and subsequently, systematic implementation procedures boosted Malaysian economy and financial markets, which, in turn, inspired them to establish an Islamic banking system that operates in parallel with the conventional banking. Bank Islam Malaysia Pte (BIMB) was the first Islam ic bank (Rosly and Abu Bakar, 2003) and it was established in 1983 (Banking Info, 2008). Although, Islamic banking in Malaysia can be traced from 1963 when Tabung Haji (The Pilgrimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Management and Fund Board) was established by the government (Haque et al., 2007a). It provides a systematic fund mobilization process for the Muslims enabling them to perform annual pilgrimage in Makkah, as well as, persuading them to take part in economic activities and investment opportunities. According to the sustained filed experience of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Tabung Hajià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Malaysian government introduced a synchronized, methodical, and efficient process of materializing Islamic financial system. Haque et al., (2007a) state, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“At first they took the initiative to familiarize the process by establishing BIMB and listed on the main board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) on January 17th 1992, Bank Islam has developed itself as one of the most respectable financial institutions in the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Gradually Islamic bank has played an important role for the overall Malaysian financial market (Dusuki and Abdullah, 2007). According to Aziz (2006) Islamic banking industry has been growing at an average rate of 18 percent per annum since 2000 in terms of assets. Aziz (2006) also added that Islamic bank constitutes 8.2 percent of the total banking system in terms of assets, with approximately 70 percent of the assets being generated by the conventional banks. At present 27 banking institutions (Nine Islamic bank and 18 conventional banking institutions) are offering Islamic banking products and services under the Islamic Banking Scheme (IBS) (Bank Negara, 2006). Mainstream and IBS banks are governed by the banking and Financial Institution Act in Malaysia (Rosly and Abu Bakar, 2003). The Malaysian Central Bank also provides certain guidelines to operate IBS banks such that they can run along Shariah principles with simila r privileges to BIMB and Bank Muamalat (Rosly and Abu Bakar, 2003). Malaysian government provide permission to commercial banks, merchant banks and finance companies to offer Islamic banking products and services under the IBS from 1993 (Banking Info, 2008). Furthermore it is necessary to ensure that the funds and activities of the Islamic banking transactions are separated from the conventional banking business. Malaysian Government also pushed Islamic finance into the bond market, which now commands more than 30 percent of market share (Rosly and Abu Bakar, 2003). Moreover, according to them al-murabahah and ijara wa iqtina (credit sale in financing) have become the common trend in Islamic banking operations in Malaysia and at present it constitute near about 90 percent of Islamic banking asset (Rosly and Abu Bakar, 2003). Literature Review Customer attitude toward a product or service is influenced by a match of the product or service user image with the customer self-concept (Ekinci and Riley, 2003; Sirgy et al., 1992; Wang and Heitmeyer, 2005). Since, generally attitude develops over time through a learning process which is affected by reference group influences, past experience, and personality (Assael, 1981), or it is a general evaluation about something, liking or disliking, and the strength of the feelings. Demographic Characteristics and Consumer Attitudes Since, consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ make product or service choice based on which combination of product attributes best meets their needs based on dimensions of value, cost, and prior satisfaction (Kotler, 1997). Furthermore, Assael (1981) added that consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attitude or behavior should be studied through demographics, beliefs, and attitudes. It has been widely recognized that demographic factors have a great impact on consumer attitudes and behavior (Jayawardhena and Foley, 2000; Mattila, 2001; Karjaluoto et al., 2002). Moreover, both attitude and non-attitudinal variables also influence behavior (Eagly and Chaiken, 1993). Gender is a key variable for marketing analysis (Nicovich et al., 2005; Haque et al., 2007b). So, it is important for the Islamic banking service providers to recognize them, understand them, and use them to design a gender specific strategy. Since, understanding the motivation, expectations, and desires of both provide a foundation in how to provide best service to the customers (Haque et al., 2007a). It may even provide information on making improvements in the nature of business (Naylor and Greco, 2002). Gender in this study is operational zed as a binary construct and is termed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“genderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which is opposed to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? since gender is considered as a both biological and sociological process (Haque et al., 2007b). Indeed, what remains is to propose and test relevant hypotheses examining perception about Islamic banking in terms of gender beliefs, attitudes, and behavior pattern. Additionally, attitudes based on direct experience are more stable and enduring than ones based on indirect experience (Fazio and Zanna, 1981; Rani and Velayudhan, 2008).On the other hand, race and ethnicity is also important for the question of effects. Since, the democratic anthropological sense describes a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“whole way of lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, which is ordinary in every society and in every mind (Haq and Smithson, 2002). According to consumer behavior literature reference group often impacts on consumer behavior (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975; Kotler et al., 1999). Since, banking sector is extremely personal in the sense as it is independent from other peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s example or influence (Karjaluoto et al., 2002). Furthermore, past experience of a person about an object is, the more positive attitude he or she hold about it (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). Services Attributes and Consumer Attitudes Some studies, such as, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“product related attributesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“situational factorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Emmelhainz et al., 1991); à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“retail competitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“shopping patternsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Verbeke et al., 1998); à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“consumer, situational and perceived store characteristicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Zinn and Liu, 2001); à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“product, consumer and situational characteristicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Campo et al., 2000) explained why consumers responded in the way they did. Fitzsimons (2000) approached differently by measuring consumer responses in terms of both behavioral and evaluative (consumer satisfaction with decision process) responses (Rani and Velayudhan, 2008). Religious Beliefs and Consumer Attitudes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Religion is a key element to describe a cluster of beliefs. It is more than ecology of themes for social communication rather it is a specific way of communicating. It is not just cultural arbitrariness, but it is also systematic. Religion does not just lie in its capacity for differentiation (of people), it is also lies in its ability to structure and lend meaning to the everyday, to the local world of interactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Haq and Smithson, 2003). Prior research also showed that reference group often impacts on consumer behavior (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975; Kotler et al., 1999; Karjaluoto et al., 2002). At the same time, Islamic banking came into existence to satisfy the financial needs of Muslims who have to observe the prohibition of interest-based transactions (Haq and Smithson, 2003). According to Warde (2000) there is sufficient flexibility to accommodate the additional changes in conventional banking that is needed to support Islamic banking. This removes a long standing argument that Islamic banking is infeasible in a regulatory sense (Warde, 2000). Moreover, all at once Western attitude are also changing, as it can be seen in the recent growth of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ethicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ banking, where non-Islamic customers refuse to invest in companies engaged in unethical and socially harmful activities (Warde, 2000).Currently we are witnessing a wide religious reinterpretation, spurred on by changes at national and global levels (Haynes, 1999; Haq and Smithson, 2003). The political, social and cultural values embedded within the development goals of projects shape the development and use of technology (Madon, 2000). One concern of Muslims using IT is that they are passive consumers of a technology created elsewhere, which is not value-free. ITà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s close connection and integration with Western culture is sometimes viewed as a threat to Muslim societies (Ahmad, 2001). A related issue concerns the increasingly common s ituation where the culture of the software development environment differs to that of the implementation environment (Zakaria et al., 2003). Theoretical Framework Based on the literature review; this research concentrates on conceptual framework of Attitudinal Differences of Malaysian Customers under Islamic Banking in Malaysia. This framework emphasizes those variables like Demographic differences; Services Attributes and Religious Believes these independent variables are positively related to the consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attitudes toward Islamic banks. The detailed diagram framework is given below: Figure 1.1: Theoretical framework of this study Demographic Differences Services attributes by Attitude Toward Islamic Religious Influence Methodology A structured questionnaire was constructed to collect the necessary data to answer the research questions as being framed on related affective factors of attitudinal differences of consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Malaysia. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This is a rigorous process of generating items to tap the variables and assessing their representativeness from the literatureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Deng and Dart, 1994). The survey questionnaire consists of two parts. First part of the questionnaire deals with demographic information of the respondents which include sex, age, education, income level, and race. Respondentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ beliefs and attitudes toward the Islamic banking were asked in the second part of the questionnaire. A stratified random sampling method was used in this study to collect the data from the respondents. The idea of such a sampling procedure was based on Sekaranà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2003) interpretation as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“this sampling method is the most efficient when differentiated information is needed regarding various strata within the populationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Sekaran, 2003). Data were collected from the Peninsular Malaysia. The survey was conducted primarily through face-to-face interview. A sample size of 550 was found to be adequate for this study. Even though the proportion of sample size is very small in relation to actual population, the sample size is deemed sufficient for the study. Since, Roscoe (1975) proposed a rule of thumb for determining sample size that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if the sample size is larger than 30 and less than 500, it is therefore appropriate for most researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Roscoe, 1975), we view our sample size seems to be consistent with this argument. The survey was conducted on the basis of distinct time frames and on different days of the week and the duration of the questionnaire distribution and data collection was carried out during December 2007 to May 2008. In this study, participants (respondents) were selected among only those, who indicated they were concerned about Islamic banking. Out of the 550 respondents 500 questionnaires were received, although the process was not as smooth as we required reminding the respondents who showed delays in completing the questionnaire. Completed questionnaires were later screened for errors, incomplete or missing responses. However, those responses that had more than 25% of the questions in the survey questionnaire left unanswered or incorrectly answered were abandoned as invalid and excluded from the process of data analysis. After the final screening process, 473 responses were effectively considered complete and valid for data analysis. This represents a success rate of 86%, which can be considered to be good in view of time and cost constraints. Results and Discussion The results of this study have been clearly explained in this section. We used SPPS software to obtain the test results. Descriptive analysis and frequency analysis were conducted to measure Malaysian consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attitudinal differences in their perceptions about the Islamic Banking services and to create and represent the respondentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ demographic profiles. The demographics profile of the respondents of this current study was consistent with the demographics of other banking studies: the sample predominantly comprises young, male and female adults who were well-educated and of high socioeconomic status. The result indicates that the respondentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ demographics are quite similar to those of other studies of banking services. According to our sample 54.76 and 45.24 percent respondents were male and female respectively (Table 1). 61.54 percent of the respondents were between 21 to 35 years of age, 26.61 percent were between 35 to 40 y ears, and 11.85 percent respondents were above 40 years old. From the descriptive result, demographic profile shows that the most dominant group was between 21 and 40 year in terms of age distribution. Table 1: Respondents Demographic Profile Descriptions Frequency Percentage Cumulative (%) Gender: Male Female 259 214 54.76 45.24 54.76 100.0 Age: 21-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 Above 40 43 101 147 126 56 09.09 21.36 31.09 26.61 11.85 09.09 30.45 61.54 88.15 100.0 Race: Malay Chinese Indian 173 153 147 36.58 32.35 31.07 36.58 68.93 100.0 Education: STPM Diploma Graduate Post Graduate 17 189 173 94 03.59 39.96 36.57 19.88 03.59 43.55 80.12 100.0 Occupation: Student Lecturer IT Professional Businessmen Govt. Employee Others 89 52 46 132 116 38 18.82 10.99 09.72 27.91 24.53 08.03 18.82 29.81 39.53 67.44 91.97 100.0 Monthly Income: Less than 1000 1000-2000 2000-3000 3000-4000 Above 4000 34 27 139 178 95 07.19 05.71 29.39 37.63 20.08 07.19 12.90 42.29 79.92 100.0 Heard about Islamic Banking Yes No 473 0 100.0 0 100.0 0 Have Account in Islamic Bank Yes No 227 246 47.99 52.01 47.99 100.0 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Raceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ had been another important demographic factor for this study. There were three major races (Malay, Chinese, and Indian) in Malaysia. According to our sample of 473 respondents, 36.58 percent respondents were Malay, 32.35 percent Chinese, and 31.07 percent represented Indian race (Table 1). A large number (37.63 percent) of the respondents informed in their responses that their monthly income stood between 3000-4000 RM; followed by 29.39 percent respondents, who showed their monthly income as between 2000-3000 RM. Where as, 20.08 percent respondentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ monthly incomes were found to be above 4000 RM. On the other hand, 7.19 percent respondentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ monthly income was less than 1000 RM and 5.71 percent respondentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ monthly income were between 1000- 2000 RM. With regard to education, highest numbers (39.96 percent) of our respondents co mpleted diploma. 36.57 percent respondents completed graduation and 19.88 percent respondents completed post graduate studies. Table 2 below represents that only 3.59 percent respondents informed that they completed STPM (Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia in English, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Malaysian Higher School Certificateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?). The respondents in our sample consisted of 18.82 percent students, 10.99 percent lecturers; 9.72 percent IT professionals; 27.91 percent businessmen; 24.53 percent Government employees, while 8.03 percent respondents belonged to other occupations. Most surprisingly we found out that 100 percent of our respondents viewed that they heard about Islamic banking, while out of them, 47.99 percent respondents had maintained accounts with Islamic banks when data was collected (Table 1). This picture postulates a fact that almost half of our sampled population kept customer relationships with Islamic Banks, which indicates an emerging financial sector. Table 2: Independent Sample à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ test Descriptions Male Female Mean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation t Sig Modern looking equipment Visually appealing physical facilities Follow Islamic law and principles Transactions are secured Able to fulfill personal needs Easy to access to account information Integrated value-added services using Staff treat customers friendly Religious and profitability reasons Provision of profit-sharing investment product 1.54 1.32 1.63 2.01 1.48 1.51 2.14 1.77 1.63 2.07 1.29 1.41 1.24 1.37 1.15 1.43 1.36 1.56 1.34 1.39 2.33 2.16 2.12 1.38 1.47 1.07 2.31 2.24 1.49 1.59 1.42 1.29 1.62 1.19 1.13 0.71 1.02 1.57 1.14 1.09 2.21* -4.81* 5.67* 3.28* 2.73* -5.68* 6.39* -2.67* -1.26 2.79 .003* .018* .001* .032* .023* .008* .000* .041* .003* .619 * denotes significance at P 0.05 We included ten meaningful statements to have responses for measuring consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ at titudes toward Islamic banking which were taken from Othman and Owen (2001). The independent sample t- test was conducted to measure the attitudinal difference between males and females on Islamic banking services. The results revealed (Table 2) the fact that there were clear attitudinal differences between male and female on nine among ten of the attitudinal measurement statements, such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“modern looking equipmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“visually appealing physical facilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“follow Islamic law and principlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“secured transactionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fulfill personal needsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“easy to access to account informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Integrated value-added services usingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“friendly staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“religious profitability reasonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Results of this study reflect that both males and females were agreed th at they had positive attitude toward Islamic banking. But on the topic of one statement (provision of profit-sharing investment product) there was no significant mean difference between males and females. However, in general, it can be concluded from this study that males demonstrated a more favorable attitude toward Islamic banking as compared with female. Male respondents agreed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islamic banks use modern looking equipmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? to reach the consumers and also ensured creativity for offering different types of schemes. Moreover, while hinting Islamic Banking services as compared with other conventional banks, male respondents unanimously agreed that it is easy to access the account information; it is enjoyable, informative and useful for purchasing as well. Although the femalesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attitudes were not thoroughly disagreeable with these nine statements, there were significantly mean difference between male and female on the statements. Ta ble 3: ANOVA Test Descriptions Malay Chinese Indian F Sig Mean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation Modern looking equipment Visually appealing physical facilities Follow Islamic law and principles Transactions are secured Able to fulfill personal needs Easy to access to account information Integrated value-added services using Staff treat customers friendly Religious and profitability reasons Provision of profit-sharing investment product 2.03 2.61 2.98 3.57 3.12 2.82 2.68 3.43 3.36 2.89 1.37 1.16 1.19 1.41 1.58 1.64 1.37 1.53 1.61 1.57 2.12 2.82 3.43 3.87 2.67 2.39 2.46 2.74 2.65 2.33 1.07 1.49 1.64 1.52 1.59 1.17 1.32 1.46 1.28 1.16 2.07 2.43 2.63 2.61 2.38 2.22 2.19 3.15 2.23 1.96 1.29 1.32 1.48 1.26 1.34 1.20 1.41 1.26 1.09 1.08 2.91* 3.33* 2.39* 1.65 4.41* 5.66* 2.64* 3.87* 2.36* 2.03* .021 .027 .032 .092 .012 .027 .037 .018 .018 .010 *denotes significance at p 0.05 On the other hand, the same ten statements were used in this study for measuring the attitudinal difference about Islamic banking among the three races in Malaysia. All three races agreed that transactions were secured in Islamic banking. Although, this was the positive attitude towards Islamic banking by all the three races, but there were some significant differences among them for the rest of the nine statements for measuring attitude toward Islamic banking (Table 3). Dunnett T3 test also employed for this study. Results showed that the differences exist only between Malay and Chinese and between Chinese and Indian. It can be observed from the Table 5 that most of the Malay respondents agreed that Islamic banking availed modern looking equipment. According to these respondents, Islamic banks offered secured transactions, fulfilled personal needs, provided easyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"to-access account information, used integrated v alue-added services, their staff treated their customers as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“friendlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, and they had provision of profit sharing. Religious reason also played an important role behind their attitude towards Islamic banking for the Malay people. On the other hand, most of the Chinese respondents agreed that Islamic banks had been using integrated value added services. Besides that, these respondents also agreed that it was easy for them to access to their account information, staffs treated their customers as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“friendlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, and also they had the provision of profit sharing. This study suggests that Islamic banking possesses a sound capability to attract customers by offering integrated value added services, they seem to be very useful for obtaining account information, and also, they use modern looking equipment. Results of this study also reflect that there was little difference concerning the usefulness of Islamic banking as compared among these three races. Nonetheless, this study finds the fact that there is a great deal of racial diversity within the Malaysian culture having similarities and differences in their perceived understanding on the operations of Islamic Banking (Table 4). Table 4: Dunnett T3 Test for Measuring Differences Descriptions Mean Difference Mean Difference Mean Difference Malay Chinese Sig. Malay Indian Sig. Chinese Indian Sig. Modern looking equipment Visually appealing physical facilities Follow Islamic law and principles Transactions are secured Able to fulfill personal needs Easy to access to account information Integrated value-added services using Staff treat customers friendly Religious and profitability reasons Provision of profit-sharing investment product .39* .41 -.12 -.42* -.49* -.38* .43* -.37* .40* .37* .012 .158 .891 .019 .012 .021 .026 .027 .031 .016 .14 .08 -.06 -.28 -.05 -.14 .18 -.31 .19 .12 .614 .897 .978 .238 .916 .895 .784 .272 .766 .798 -.21 -.31 .05 .19 .41* .42* -.27 .19 -.32 -.41 .139 .158 .915 .616 .009 .011 .181 .761 .056 .061 *denotes significance at p 0.05 Such diversity demands attention by bankers and researchers in order for the creation of value- based services that can best su it with the needs of the entire population regardless of their racial diversity. Therefore, differences in cultural values among the three races are important to understand them. Chinese mostly have positive attitude towards Islamic banking. Perhaps the Chinese are very conscious of the different type of schemes and services offered by the both conventional and Islamic banks. On the other hand, the Malays are concerned about the religious and profitability reasons. Despite these differences between the Malays and Chinese, the mean values of responses indicate that all those three races accepted the schemes and services offered by the Islamic banks. Malaysian culture is the one of the unique cosmopolitans as it is composed of Malays, Chinese and Indians culture. Moreover, racial unity and interactions formed a diverse and vibrant society based on sharing mutual respects. This is perhaps an example of a unique society. This has been the main catalyst for Malaysias political stabili ty and growth. On the other hand, Indians have also made enormous contributions to the resilient and prosperous socio-political and economic structure in Malaysia. The Chinese like to enjoy the urban lifestyle and they have high ambitions, which make them dynamic force in Malaysias economy. The Indian community represents an integral and vital component of Malaysian society and thus they, along with all other Malaysians are justly proud of their accomplishments and their contributions to Malaysias success (Info Center Malaysia, 2007). Conclusion This study effectively delineates empirical evidence on the attitudinal differences of Malaysian customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ toward Islamic banking services. As the competition among the banking service providers rose rapidly, concerns on customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attitudinal behaviors in the banking markets virtually became the focus of academic and field researches. The results of this study were encouraging in numerous perspectives. In this study, gender is a measurable variable and the findings provide straight forward application in the decision-making process of Islamic Banking services. Findings further indicate that males seem to exhibit greater positive attitude toward Islamic banking, relative to female. This is one of the first efforts to show how the Malays, Chinese and Indians differ in terms of attitudes toward Islamic bank. This study has laid down the foundation for future research to be directed toward examining these attitudes in greater details about banking service providers. Therefore, given these findings, it is desired that this research impart a fundamental step toward establishing a theoretical plus empirical basis for understanding the interaction of gender and banking sector. It is also necessary that the government and, as well as, the Islamic banking authorities will take action plans directed toward spreading the culture of Islamic banking via specialized courses and organized seminars as in the case of traditional banking. This would catalyze the power of the financial structure besides incrementing the fullest capacity of the Islamic banking system and boosting its future growth and development. Limitations One potential limitation of this study was the size and composition of the group which participated in the study. Therefore, a generalization about the entire population of Malaysian banking customers of banking sector is inappropriate. In addition, this research could not incorporate all levels of diverse attributes of Islamic banking that might influence customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ behavior. For example, the questionnaire that was used in this study did not include specific scheme of Islamic banking to know the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ opinion on that scheme. Finally, this study only considered what the specific segments of the customers were thinking about the Islamic banking in a particular country. In this study, it was assumed that respondents appropriately understood the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islamic bankingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and could differentiate it from the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“conventional bankingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. With such limitations, findings of this study must not be us ed as generalized thoughts, rather a scope for further investigations toward expanded research.